• Apply CAA fungicides preferably in a preventive manner
• Alternation with fungicides having other modes of action is recommended in spray programs
• For more detailed product recommendations refer to the use guidelines published by the respective CAA manufacturers.

Plasmopara viticola is classified by FRAC as a high risk pathogen. Long-term experience with CAA fungicides demonstrates that the resistance risk of Plasmopara viticola to this fungicide group is moderate and can be managed through appropriate use strategies.

• Apply CAA fungicides preferably in a preventive manner
• Apply a maximum of 50% of the total number of intended applications for disease control not exceeding a total of 4 CAA fungicide sprays during one crop cycle. In areas of high resistance, the total number should not exceed a maximum of 3 applications during one crop cycle
• Always apply CAA fungicides in mixture with effective partners such as multi-site or other non-cross resistant fungicides
• An effective partner for a CAA fungicide is one that provides satisfactory disease control when used alone at the mixture rate
• Alternation with fungicides having other modes of action is recommended in spray programs

For more detailed product recommendations refer to the use guidelines published by the respective CAA manufacturers.

No resistant isolates from field populations have been found since the introduction of CAA fungicides in 1993.

Phytophthora infestans is classified by FRAC as a medium risk pathogen. Long-term experience with CAA fungicides demonstrates that the resistance risk of Phytophthora infestans to this fungicide group is low to moderate. For effective resistance management a precautionary strategy has to be implemented.

• Apply CAA fungicides preferably in a preventive manner
• Apply a maximum of 50% of the total number of intended applications for late blight control. 
• Alternation with fungicides having other modes of action is recommended in spray programs

For more detailed product recommendations refer to the use guidelines published by the respective CAA manufacturers.

Pseudoperonospora cubensis is classified by FRAC as a high risk pathogen.

• Apply CAA fungicides preferably in a preventive manner
• Apply a maximum of 50% of the total number of intended applications for disease control not exceeding a total of 4 CAA fungicide sprays during one crop cycle. In areas of high resistance, the total number should not exceed a maximum of 3 applications during one crop cycle 
• Always apply CAA fungicides in mixture with effective partners such as multi-site or other non-cross resistant fungicides 
• An effective partner for a CAA fungicide is one that provides satisfactory disease control when used alone at the mixture rate
• Alternation with fungicides having other modes of action is recommended in spray programs

For product recommendations refer to the use guidelines published by the respective CAA manufacturers.

Some of the downy mildew pathogens are classified by FRAC as moderate risk pathogens (e.g. Bremia lactucae). In spite of the use of CAA fungicides for more than 20 years against a range of such Oomycete pathogens, no reports on the occurrence of less sensitive field populations are available.

For effective resistance management, a precautionary strategy has to be implemented. 

• Apply CAA fungicides preferably in a preventive manner 
• Apply a maximum of 50% of the total number of intended applications for disease control 
• Alternation with fungicides having other modes of action is recommended in spray programs 

For more detailed product recommendations refer to the use guidelines published by the respective CAA manufacturers.