| 2.1. Review of sensitivity monitoring
2.1.1. Cereal
diseases
Field experience in 2005 has confirmed, that, when
used according to FRAC guidelines, the performance
of QoI containing products within spray programmes
was good. QoIs continue to contribute to overall disease
management in cereals.
Powdery mildew
(Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici), wheat
Bayer CropScience
No further monitoring was carried out in Northern and
Western parts of Europe due to already established
high levels of resistance as reported previously.
In Southern and Eastern parts of Europe no further
increase of resistance was detected compared to 2004.
No resistance was detected in Italy and Austria. Low
levels have been found in Czech Republic and Hungary
while higher levels were detected in Poland.
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei), barley
Bayer CropScience
A stable situation was recorded compared to 2004.
High resistance levels were found in France, Belgium and North-Eastern Germany.
Medium and heterogeneous levels have been found in the UK and in all other parts
of Germany. Low frequencies were detected in Denmark, Czech Republic and Poland.
No resistance was found in 2005 in Hungary, Austria, and Italy.
Septoria leaf spot (Septoria tritici), wheat
BASF, Bayer CropScience, Syngenta
Extensive monitoring programmes were carried out throughout
the wheat growing areas of Europe in 2005. As in previous
years samples were taken in early spring and during summer.
Disease pressure in 2005 in Europe was generally heterogeneous
but high in Northern France.
Frequency of resistance has further increased in wheat
growing countries in Europe. Higher levels were found
at sites where resistance has been previously detected
and new locations were added.
Status at the end of the season 2005 is as follows:
Ireland, UK, Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden:
widespread resistance all over these countries at high
levels.
France: heterogeneous populations with decreasing gradient
from North to South, i.e. high resistance levels in the
North, variable from low to high in the centre and no
to low in the South.
Germany: high resistance levels in the North (e.g. Schleswig-Holstein,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen), no to medium
resistance in the South (e.g. Bavaria, Baden-Wuerttemberg).
Poland, Hungary: 2005 data show a very heterogeneous
picture ranging from highly sensitive to highly resistant
populations.
Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia:
2005 data show generally no to low resistance levels.
Brown rust (Puccinia recondita), wheat
BASF, Bayer CropScience,
Syngenta
Performance of QoI fungicides against brown rust was
good. No resistant isolates were detected in intensified
widespread monitoring studies in Europe in 2005, confirming
the fully sensitive picture already established.
Net blotch (Pyrenophora
teres), barley
BASF, Bayer CropScience, Syngenta, Du Pont
Disease pressure was high in some parts of Europe,
e.g. in Northern France and parts of the UK. Performance
of QoI containing spray programmes against net blotch
was good in 2005.
Widespread monitoring was carried out in 2005. Reduced
sensitivity was detected only in laboratory studies.
Only the F129L mutation and not the G143A was found.
As already observed with other pathogens, resistance
factors are significantly lower in comparison with
the G143A mutation (for differences between QoI mutations
see also the respective FRAC document). Further characterisation
of F129L isolates confirmed a clear dose response to
QoI fungicides. Frequency of F129L isolates increased
slightly at some sites in the UK and France and remains
at low to moderate levels. Single F129L isolates were
detected in Ireland, Switzerland and Germany, none
in Belgium. As field performance of QoI containing
mixtures was good in 2005, their use will remain essential
in the future.
Leaf scald (Rhynchosporium
secalis), barley
BASF, Bayer CropScience, Syngenta
Performance of QoI fungicides against leaf scald was
good. Monitoring data from 2004 and 2005 showed a
fully sensitive picture for England, Scotland, Ireland,
Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and France.
Tan spot (Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis), wheat
Syngenta, Bayer CropScience, BASF
Disease pressure was moderate in Europe. Performance
of QoI containing spray programmes against tan spot
was good in 2005.
As reported in June ’05, both point mutations
known for QoIs, G143A and F129L, have been detected.
Based on limited data from 2004 and 2005 in Denmark
and Sweden, the F129L mutation was found more often,
whereas in northern Germany the G143A mutation was
more frequent. Additional samples are being analysed.
Further characterisation on F129L isolates confirmed
a clear dose response to QoI fungicides.
Microdochium nivale, wheat
No monitoring data was available for the meeting.
2.1.2. Vine diseases
Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)
BASF, Bayer CropScience, DuPont, Syngenta
In 2005, disease pressure was moderate in the main
grape growing areas of Europe.
FRAC guidelines have been widely followed, and field
performance of QoI containing spray programmes was
good across Europe. Compared to previous years resistance
levels have further stabilised. No performance complaints
were received.
All companies carried out major monitoring programmes
in 2005. Both bioassay and PCR techniques were used
to generate data.
The levels of resistance found in these programmes
is summarised below:
Moderate to High levels: Northern France, Southwest
France, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Austria
Low to Moderate levels: Germany, Southern Italy, Southeast
France, Serbia,
Low levels: Hungary, Greece, Spain,
No resistance was detected in Bulgaria
Powdery mildew
(Uncinula
necator / Erysiphe necator)
Bayer CropScience, Syngenta, BASF
Disease pressure was moderate across Europe. For
information on the USA situation refer to the NAFRAC
pages.
FRAC guidelines have been widely followed, and field
performance of QoI containing spray programmes was
good across Europe. No complaints were received.
In 2003 and 2004 no resistance was detected. In 2005
full sensitivity was reported based on available monitoring
data including samples from France, Italy, Germany,
Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Greece and Portugal.
2.1.3 Pome
fruit diseases
Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)
BASF, Bayer CropScience
Disease pressure was moderate to high across Europe.
FRAC guidelines have been widely followed, and field
performance of QoI containing spray programmes was
good across Europe.
Monitoring was carried out in Germany, France, Italy,
UK, Netherlands, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Poland,
Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Chile. Methods
used included QPCR and pyrosequencing.
Intensive monitoring was carried out in Europe. The
levels of resistance found were very heterogeneous,
with values ranging from zero to high, even within
individual orchards. Some patterns were observed,
maximum levels of resistance are reported below:
Moderate to High: Southern France, Northern Italy,
Eastern and Northern Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland
Low to moderate: – Netherlands, Spain, Belgium,
Southern and Western Germany, Chile
No resistance was detected in UK, Portugal, Greece
and in the Lake Constance area of Germany.
It is important to state that resistant populations
are still locally restricted to certain orchards in
affected apple growing regions.
2.1.4. Cucurbit
diseases
Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) / Downy mildew
(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)
No data generated in 2004
Resistance is known to occur in major cucurbit growing
regions globally and field performance in these countries
has been reduced.
2.1.5. Potato/tomato
diseases
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Bayer CropScience, DuPont
No resistance was detected in all isolates collected
from potato crops in France, Germany, Netherlands,
UK, Eire, Belgium, Denmark, Finland and Poland. Performance
remains good.
Early blight (Alternaria
solani)
Syngenta
In the USA, isolates carrying the F129L mutation
were confirmed in Oregon and Wyoming, but none were
found in Washington and Idaho. More data will be
available in early 2006.
Field performance was good for QoI containing fungicide
programmes.
2.1.5. Soybean diseases
Asian Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhiza)
See the BRAZIL FRAC website for information
Monitoring methods for baseline establishment and
follow-up are being developed. No resistant isolates
have been detected.
2.1.6. Other crops
Tree crops
In almonds resistance in Alternaria alternata was
confirmed in 2004 in California / USA, leading to
reduced performance of solo QoIs Resistance is based
on the G143A mutation. It is recommended to follow
the FRAC recommendations for multi-spray crops.
2.2. Review
of global guidelines
2.2.1 Strategies and Guidelines for the
2006 season
Strategies for the management of QoI fungicide resistance,
in all crops, are based on the statements listed
below. These statements serve as a fundamental guide
for the development of local resistance management
programs.
Resistance management strategies have been further
enhanced in order to be proactive and to prevent
the occurrence of resistance to QoI fungicides developing
in other areas and pathogens. Specific guidelines
by crop follow the general guidelines given here.
A fundamental principle that must be adhered to
when applying resistance management strategies for
QoI fungicides is that:
The QoI fungicides (azoxystrobin, famoxadone, fenamidone,
kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin,
fluoxastrobin, dimoxystrobin, metominostrobin orysastrobin
and enestroburin) are in the same cross-resistance
group.
|
Fungicide programs
must deliver effective disease management. Apply
QoI fungicide based products at effective rates
and intervals according to manufacturer's recommendations.
Effective disease management is a critical component
to delay the build-up of resistant pathogen populations. |
|
|
The number of applications
of QoI fungicide based products within a total
disease management program must be limited whether
applied straight or in mixtures with other fungicides.
This limitation is inclusive to all QoI fungicides.
Limitation of QoI fungicides within a spray programme
provides time and space when the pathogen population
is not influenced by QoI fungicide selection
pressure. |
|
|
A consequence of
limitation of QoI fungicide based products is
the need to alternate them with effective fungicides
from different cross-resistance groups. |
|
|
QoI fungicides, containing
only the solo product, should be used in single
or block applications in alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistance group. Specific
recommendation on size of blocks is given for
specific crops. |
|
|
QoI fungicides, applied
as tank mix or as a co-formulated mixture with
an effective mixture partner, should be used
in single or block applications in alternation
with fungicides from a different cross-resistance
group. Specific recommendations on size of blocks
are given for specific crops. |
|
|
Mixture partners for QoI fungicides should
be chosen carefully to contribute to effective
control of the targeted pathogen(s). The mixture
partner must have a different mode of action,
and in addition it may increase spectrum of
activity or provide needed curative activity.
Use of mixtures containing only QoI fungicides
must not be considered as an anti-resistance
measure.
Where local regulations do not allow mixtures, then strict alternations with
non-cross resistant fungicides (no block applications) are necessary.
|
|
|
An effective partner
for a QoI fungicide is one that provides satisfactory
disease control when used alone on the target
disease. |
|
QoI fungicides are
very effective at preventing spore germination
and should therefore be used at the early stages
of disease development (preventive treatment). |
Guidelines for using QoI fungicides on cereal crops
1 |
Apply
QoI fungicides always in mixtures with non-cross
resistant fungicides to control cereal pathogens.
At the rate chosen the respective partner(s)
on its/ their own has/ have to provide effective
disease control. Refer to manufacturers recommendations
for rates.
|
2 |
Apply a maximum of 2 QoI fungicide
containing sprays per cereal crop. Limiting the
number of sprays is an important factor in delaying
the build-up of resistant pathogen populations. |
3 |
Apply QoI fungicides according
to manufacturers recommendations for the target
disease (or complex) at the specific crop growth
stage indicated. |
4 |
Apply the QoI fungicide preventively
or as early as possible in the disease cycle.
Do not rely only on the curative potential of
QoI fungicides. |
5 |
Split / reduced rate programmes,
using repeated applications, which provide continuous
selection pressure accelerate the development
of resistant populations and therefore must not
be used. |
Guidelines for using QoI fungicides on
vines
Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease at the
specific crop growth stage indicated. Effective
disease management is a critical parameter
in delaying the build-up of resistant pathogen
populations.
|
2
|
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI fungicide
containing sprays per vine crop, solo or in mixture
with effective mixture partners from different
cross-resistance groups. |
3
|
For table grapes, a maximum of
4 QoI fungicide containing sprays per crop may
be used when 12 or more fungicide applications
are made. |
4
|
Apply QoI fungicides preventively. |
5
|
Apply QoI fungicides in single
or block application in alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistance group. |
Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease at the
specific
crop growth stage indicated. Effective disease management
is a critical parameter in delaying the build-up
of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Apply QoI fungicides preventively. |
3
|
.Apply a maximum of 3 QoI fungicide
containing sprays per vine crop, only in mixture
with effective
partners from different cross-resistance groups. |
4
|
Apply QoI fungicides in single
or block application in alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistance group.
|
Downy mildew (Plasmopara
viticola)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease at the
specific crop growth stage indicated. Effective
disease management is a critical parameter
in delaying the build-up of resistant pathogen
populations.
|
2
|
Apply QoI fungicides preventively. |
3
|
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI fungicide
containing sprays per vine crop, only in mixture
with effective partners from different cross-resistance
groups. |
4
|
Apply QoI fungicides in single
or block application in alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistance group. |
Guidelines for using
QoI fungicides on pomefruit
2.2.2.3 Pome fruit diseases
Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer’s
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated and adapted to size of trees. Effective
disease management is a critical parameter
in delaying the build-up of resistant pathogen
populations.
|
2
|
QoI fungicides must be applied
only in mixture with partners contributing to
the effective control of the target pathogens. |
3
|
Apply QoI fungicides preventatively.
Under high disease pressure the spray interval
should not exceed 7-10 days. |
4
|
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI containing
sprays per crop. A maximum of 4 QoI fungicide
applications may be used where 12 or more applications
are made per crop. |
5
|
A maximum of 2 consecutive QoI
fungicide sprays is preferred. Where field performance
was adversely affected apply QoI containing fungicides
in mixtures in strict alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistant group. |
Guidelines for
using QoI fungicides on potatoes and tomatoes
2.2.2.4 Potato and tomato diseases
Late blight (Phytophthora
infestans)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build-up
of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Where QoI fungicide products are
applied alone do not exceed 1 spray out of 3
with a maximum of 3 sprays per crop. Do not use
more than 2 consecutive applications. |
3
|
Where QoI fungicide products are
applied in mixtures (co-formulations or tank
mixes) do not exceed 50% of the total number
of sprays or a maximum 6 QoI fungicide applications
whichever is the lower. Do not use more than
3 consecutive QoI fungicide containing sprays. |
Early blight (Alternaria solani)
1
|
Where
QoI fungicide products are applied solo do
not exceed 33% of the total number of sprays
or a maximum of 4. Where mixtures (co-formulations
or tank mixes) are used do not exceed 50% of the
total number of sprays or a maximum of 6 QoI fungicide
applications, whichever is the lower.
|
2.2.2.5 Guidelines
for using QoI fungicides on soybean diseases
QoI fungicides effectively control soybean diseases
including rust, which is a major disease in Latin
America and has been detected recently in the USA.
There is limited experience at this point in time
in terms of resistance risk. Fungicide manufacturers
have initiated baseline and monitoring studies.
In order to ensure sustainable use of QoIs the Working
Group recommends:
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build-up
of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Use QoIs preventatively or as early
as possible in the disease cycle. |
3
|
Use QoIs preferably in mixtures
with fungicides from a different cross-resistance
group. At the rate chosen each partner on its
own has to provide effective disease control.
Refer to manufacturers’ recommendations
for rates. |
Guidelines for using QoI fungicides on Cucurbit
Vegetables
2.2.2.6 Cucurbit diseases
Guidelines for using QoI fungicides on Cucurbit
Vegetables
1 |
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease
(or complex) at the specific crop growth stage indicated. Effective disease management
is
a critical parameter in delaying the build-up of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2 |
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI fungicide
sprays per crop |
3 |
Use a maximum of 1 QoI fungicide
spray out of every three fungicide applications. |
4 |
Do not use consecutive applications
of QoI fungicides. |
5 |
Apply QoI fungicides in alternation
with fungicides from a different cross-resistance
group with satisfactory efficacy against the
targeted pathogen(s). |
6 |
Continue QoI fungicide alternation
between successive crops. |
2.2.2.7 Guidelines
for using QoI fungicides on greenhouse grown non-cucurbit
vegetables
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build-up
of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Use a maximum of 1 QoI fungicide
spray out of every 3 fungicide applications. |
3
|
Do not use consecutive applications
of QoI fungicides. |
4
|
Apply QoI fungicides in alternation
with fungicides from a different cross-resistance
group with satisfactory efficacy against the
targeted pathogen(s). |
5
|
Continue QoI fungicide alternation
between successive crops |
2.2.2.8 Guidelines for using QoI fungicides
on other multiple spray crops (non-cucurbit field
vegetables and ornamentals)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturers
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build
up of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Observe spray limitations in
the spray guideline table shown below for programmes
utilising 12 or fewer fungicide sprays per
crop. |
Spray guideline
table:
Total
number of spray applications per crop |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
>12 |
Maximum
recommended
Solo QoI fungicide sprays |
1
|
1** |
2** |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
* |
Max.
recommended QoI fungicide sprays in mixture |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
6 |
* |
* When more than 12 fungicide applications are
made, observe the following guidelines:
** Mixtures are preferred.
|
When using a QoI fungicide as
a solo product, the number of applications
should be no more than 1/3 (33%) of the total
number of fungicide applications per season. |
|
For QoI mixes in programs in which tank mixes
or pre mixes of QoI with mixing partners of
a different mode of action are utilized, the
number of QoI containing applications should
be no more than ½ (50%) of the total
number of fungicide application per season. |
|
In programs in which applications of QoI
are made with both solo products and mixtures,
the number of QoI containing applications should
be no more than ½ (50%) of the total
number of fungicide applied per season. |
2.2.2.9 Guidelines
for using QoI fungicides on banana
Please refer to the recommendations of the banana
FRAC working group: >>
Banana WG <<
2.3. Communication
plans
The above WebPages will serve as the main
communication vehicle for the group.
| 
Cereals
