| 2.1. Review of sensitivity monitoring
2.1.1. Cereal
diseases
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe
graminis f.sp. tritici),
wheat
Bayer CropScience
Poland |
High
resistance levels |
Austria,
Hungary, Czech Republic |
Low frequencies |
Italy |
No resistance
was found in 2004 |
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe
graminis f.sp hordei), barley
Bayer CropScience
Further increase in the frequency of the G143A mutation
was observed in 2004 compared to 2003.
France,
Belgium, Northern Germany
|
High
resistance levels
|
UK,
Western Germany
|
Medium and heterogeneous
levels
|
| Denmark, Czech Repuplic,
Austria |
Low frequencies |
Hungary,
Poland, Italy, Sweden
|
No resistance was
found in 2004
|
Septoria leaf spot (Septoria
tritici), wheat
BASF, Bayer CropScience, Syngenta
Extensive monitoring programmes were carried out throughout
the European wheat growing countries in 2004. As in
previous years samples have been taken in winter, early
spring and during summer.
Disease pressure was heterogeneous in Europe in 2004,
generally moderate to high (Northern Germany), and
the onset of disease was early.
The frequency of resistance has further increased.
Higher levels were found at sites where resistance
has been previously detected and new locations were
added.
Status at the end of the season 2004 is as follows:
Ireland,
UK
|
Widespread
all over the country at high levels
|
France
|
Heterogeneous
populations with decreasing gradient from North
to South, i.e. high resistance levels in the
North (Pas de Calais, Picardie) and nil to low
in the South
|
| Germany |
High levels in the North (e.g. Schleswig-Holstein,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen), low or
no resistance in the South (e.g. Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg) |
| Belgium, The Netherlands,
Denmark, Sweden |
Widespread all over the countries
at high levels |
Poland,
Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia
|
Limited data show
heterogeneous picture. Low to high levels were
detected in Poland, no or low resistance in other
countries.
|
Despite the findings
above field performance of spray programmes with QoI
containing products was good in 2004 when FRAC guidelines
have been followed.
Brown rust (Puccinia recondita), wheat
BASF, Bayer CropScience, Syngenta
Performance of QoI fungicides against brown rust was
good. No resistant isolates were detected from widespread
monitoring studies in Europe in 2004, confirming the
fully sensitive picture already established.
Net blotch (Pyrenophora
teres), barley
BASF, Syngenta, Bayer CropScience
Performance of QoI fungicides against net blotch
was good.
As mentioned in the previous meeting minutes, data
for the season 2003 were not available at the time
of the meeting. During 2004 a few isolates from the
2003 season were found to have atypical responses (Northern
France). The G143A mutation was not detected. Methodology
development to detect the F129L mutation confirmed
the presence of F129L mutation in single isolates in
autumn 2004. As already observed with other pathogens
resistance factors are significantly lower in comparison
with the G143A mutation.
In 2004 resistant isolates were confirmed in France
and detected for the first time in UK and Belgium; a single resistant isolate was found in South West
Germany.
Only the F129L mutation has been identified. Further
characterisation of these isolates has shown clear
dose responses to QoI fungicides. As field performance
of QoI containing mixtures was good in 2004 (experience
so far during 2005 confirms this) their use will remain
essential in the future.
Leaf scald (Rhynchosporium
secalis), barley
Syngenta
Performance of QoI fungicides against leaf scald was
good. Monitoring data from 2003
and 2004 and preliminary
data from 2004 showed a fully sensitive picture for
England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany
and France.
Tan spot (Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis), wheat
Syngenta, Bayer CropScience, BASF
Samples taken in middle Sweden in 2003 after continuous
use of solo QoI since 1998 at low rates have shown
decreased sensitivity. The F129L mutation was identified
but not the G143A mutation.
Resistance factors are significantly lower compared
to the G143A mutation. Field performance at the sites
sampled in 2003 was reduced but the use of mixtures
in 2004 has resulted in good disease control at the
same locations. In 2004 resistant isolates were confirmed
in Sweden, and detected for the first time in Denmark
and Northern Germany. In the majority of these isolates
the F129L mutation was detected. However, in a very
few isolates in Denmark (2) and Germany (3) the G143A
mutation has been detected. Further investigation of
isolates is required to interpret these data.
As field performance of QoI containing mixtures was
good in 2004 (experience so far during 2005 confirms
this) their use will remain essential in the future.
Microdochium nivale, wheat
Bayer CropScience
Limited data (Germany) from 2004 show a completely
sensitive picture.
2.1.2. Non Cereal diseases
2.1.2.1 Vine diseases
Downy mildew (Plasmopara
viticola)
BASF, Bayer CropScience, DuPont, Syngenta
In 2004, disease pressure was medium to high in the
main grape growing areas of Europe.
All companies carried out major monitoring programmes
in 2004 in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland,
Spain and Portugal. Both semi-quantitative bioassay
and PCR techniques were used to generate data. A frequency
of 1-2% G143A identified through PCR diagnosis was
usually reflected as a resistant phenotype in bioassay
tests.
For the first time resistant strains could be found
in Austria at low levels.
Compared to previous years resistance levels have
stabilised at reported levels in France, Italy, Spain,
Germany and Switzerland. Based on very limited sample
numbers no resistance was detected in Portugal in 2004.
No performance complaints have been received. Where
FRAC guidelines were followed field performance of
QoI containing spray programmes was good across Europe.
Powdery mildew (Uncinula
necator)
Bayer CropScience, Syngenta, BASF
Disease pressure was medium to high across Europe
and low in the USA.
In commercial use where recommended spray programmes
were followed, performance of QoI
containing spray programmes was very good. No complaints
were received.
USA: The G143A mutation was detected in samples of
U. necator originating from trial sites in Pennsylvania
and New York, located in areas where reduced field
performance of QoI fungicides was reported previously.
Additional studies are being planned to further investigate
the detected resistance.
Europe: In 2003 no resistance was detected. In 2004
full sensitivity was reported based on available monitoring
data including samples from France, Italy, Germany,
Austria, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal.
2.1.2.2 Pome fruit diseases
Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)
BASF, Bayer CropScience
Disease pressure was medium across Europe.
When following FRAC recommendations performance of
QoI containing fungicide programmes was good.
Monitoring was carried out in Germany, France, Italy,
UK, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, the Czech Republic,
Poland, Hungary, Spain, South Africa, Greece, USA,
Japan and Chile. Employed methods included QPCR and
DHPLC.
Target site mutants (G143A) were found for the first
time in Chile.
Following a more intense monitoring in Europe cases
of resistance have been detected in regions which were
not previously included in monitoring studies. However
where resistance was reported in previous years the
situation seems to be stable. It is important to state
that resistant populations are still locally restricted
to certain orchards in affected apple growing regions.
2.1.3. Cucurbit
diseases
Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca
fuliginea) / Downy mildew
(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)
No data generated in 2004
Resistance is known to occur in major cucurbit growing
regions globally and field performance in these countries
has been reduced.
2.1.4. Potato/tomato diseases
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Bayer CropScience, DuPont
No resistance was detected in all isolates collected
from potato crops in France, Germany, Netherlands,
UK, Eire, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and Poland. Performance
remains good.
Syngenta
Data were presented involving the use of azoxystrobin
as a soil treatment targeted at Rhizoctonia solani and
its impact on P.
infestans. This application is
considered to have a low impact on P
. infestans and
does not need to be included in the resistance management
strategy of the strobilurins against potato late blight.
(Information after the meeting: This position was supported
in the recent FRAG-UK meeting held Dec. 2nd)."
Early blight (Alternaria
solani)
Syngenta
In Brazil a routine monitoring programme revealed
a fully sensitive picture in tomatoes and potatoes.
In potatoes in the USA isolates carrying the F129L
mutation were confirmed in 2004 in Nebraska, North
Dakota, Wisconsin and detected for the first time
in Minnesota. Resistance factors were confirmed to
be low.
Field performance was good for QoI containing fungicide
programmes.
2.1.5. Other crops
Strawberries
Resistant isolates of Glomerella cingulata have
been detected in the Saga prefecture in Japan, posessing
the G143A mutation (publ. Ishii, 2004).
Tree crops
In pistachios resistant isolates of Alternaria spp.
have been detected in California / USA and found
to have the G143A mutation (publ. Zhonghua Ma et
al., 2003). Also in almonds resistance to Alternaria
alternata was found in California / USA.
2.2. Specific Crop/Pathogen
guidelines
2.2.1 Global Strategies and Guidelines for cereals,
2005 season
Where the new guidelines for the season 2004 were
followed, field performance of QoI containing spray
programmes was good. It continues to be essential
to use non-crossresistant mixture partners (e.g.
SBIs, multisites) to ensure robust disease management.
This will also help to delay the evolution of resistance
especially in regions with no resistance or where
resistance is at low levels.
Therefore the recommendations for the season 2005
remain unchanged.
Guidelines for using QoI fungicides on cereal crops
1 |
Apply
QoI fungicides always in mixtures with non-cross
resistant fungicides to control cereal pathogens.
At the rate chosen the respective partner(s)
on its/ their own has/ have to provide effective
disease control. Refer to manufacturers recommendations
for rates.
|
2 |
Apply a maximum of 2 QoI fungicide
containing sprays per cereal crop. Limiting the
number of sprays is an important factor in delaying
the build-up of resistant pathogen populations. |
3 |
Apply QoI fungicides according
to manufacturers recommendations for the target
disease (or complex) at the specific crop growth
stage indicated. |
4 |
Apply the QoI fungicide preventively
or as early as possible in the disease cycle.
Do not rely only on the curative potential of
QoI fungicides. |
5 |
Split / reduced rate programmes,
using repeated applications, which provide continuous
selection pressure accelerate the development
of resistant populations and therefore must not
be used. |
Guidelines for
using QoI fungicides on vines
2.2.2.2 Vine diseases
Powdery mildew (Uncinula
necator)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease at the
specific crop growth stage indicated. Effective
disease management is a critical parameter
in delaying the build-up of resistant pathogen
populations.
|
2
|
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI fungicide
containing sprays per vine crop, solo or in mixture
with effective mixture partners from different
cross-resistance groups. |
3
|
For table grapes, a maximum of
4 QoI fungicide containing sprays per crop may
be used when 12 or more fungicide applications
are made. |
4
|
Apply QoI fungicides preventively. |
5
|
Apply QoI fungicides in single
or block application in alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistance group. |
Downy mildew (Plasmopara
viticola)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease at the
specific crop growth stage indicated. Effective
disease management is a critical parameter
in delaying the build-up of resistant pathogen
populations.
|
2
|
Apply QoI fungicides preventively. |
3
|
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI fungicide
containing sprays per vine crop, only in mixture
with effective partners from different cross-resistance
groups. |
4
|
Apply QoI fungicides in single
or block application in alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistance group. |
Guidelines for using
QoI fungicides on pomefruit
2.2.2.3 Pome fruit diseases
Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer’s
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated and adapted to size of trees. Effective
disease management is a
critical parameter in delaying the build-up of
resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
QoI fungicides must be applied
only in mixture with partners contributing to
the effective control of the target
pathogens. |
3
|
Apply QoI fungicides preventatively.
Under high disease pressure the spray interval
should not exceed 7-10 days. |
4
|
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI containing
sprays per crop. A maximum of 4 QoI fungicide
applications may be used where 12 or more applications
are made per crop. |
5
|
A maximum of 2 consecutive QoI
fungicide sprays is preferred. Where field performance
was adversely affected apply QoI containing fungicides
in mixtures in strict alternation with fungicides
from a different cross-resistant group. |
Guidelines for
using QoI fungicides on potatoes and tomatoes
2.2.2.4 Potato and tomato diseases
Late blight (Phytophthora
infestans)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build-up
of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Where QoI fungicide products are
applied alone do not exceed 1 spray out of 3
with a maximum of 3 sprays per crop. Do not use
more than 2 consecutive applications. |
3
|
Where QoI fungicide products are
applied in mixtures (co-formulations or tank
mixes) do not exceed 50% of the total number
of sprays or a maximum 6 QoI fungicide applications
whichever is the lower. Do not use more than
3 consecutive QoI fungicide containing sprays. |
Early blight (Alternaria solani)
Where QoI fungicide products are applied solo do
not exceed 33% of the total number of sprays or a
maximum of 4. Where mixtures (co-formulations or
tank mixes) are used do not exceed 50% of the total
number of sprays or a maximum of 6 QoI fungicide
applications, whichever is the lower
2.2.2.5 Guidelines
for using QoI fungicides on soybean diseases
QoI fungicides effectively control soybean diseases
including rust, which is a major disease in Latin
America and has been detected recently in the USA.
There is limited experience at this point in time
in terms of resistance risk. Fungicide manufacturers
have initiated baseline and monitoring studies.
In order to ensure sustainable use of QoIs the
Working Group recommends:
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build-up
of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Use QoIs preventatively or as early
as possible in the disease cycle. |
3
|
Use QoIs preferably in mixtures
with fungicides from a different cross-resistance
group. At the rate chosen each partner on its
own has to provide effective disease control.
Refer to manufacturers’ recommendations
for rates. |
Guidelines for using QoI fungicides on Cucurbit
Vegetables
2.2.2.6 Cucurbit diseases
1 |
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated.
Effective disease management is a
critical parameter in delaying the build-up of
resistant
pathogen populations.
|
2 |
Apply a maximum of 3 QoI fungicide
sprays per crop |
3 |
Use a maximum of 1 QoI fungicide
spray out of every three fungicide applications. |
4 |
Do not use consecutive applications
of QoI fungicides. |
5 |
Apply QoI fungicides in alternation
with fungicides from a different cross-resistance
group with satisfactory efficacy against the
targeted pathogen(s). |
6 |
Continue QoI fungicide alternation
between successive crops. |
2.2.2.7 Guidelines
for using QoI fungicides on greenhouse grown non-cucurbit
vegetables
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturer's
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build-up
of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Use a maximum of 1 QoI fungicide
spray out of every 3 fungicide applications. |
3
|
Do not use consecutive applications
of QoI fungicides. |
4
|
Apply QoI fungicides in alternation
with fungicides from a different cross-resistance
group with satisfactory efficacy against the
targeted pathogen(s). |
5
|
Continue QoI fungicide alternation
between successive crops. |
2.2.2.8 Guidelines
for using QoI fungicides on other multiple spray
crops (non-cucurbit field vegetables and ornamentals)
1
|
Apply
QoI fungicides according to manufacturers
recommendations for the target disease (or
complex) at the specific crop growth stage
indicated. Effective disease management is
a critical parameter in delaying the build
up of resistant pathogen populations.
|
2
|
Observe spray limitations in
the spray guideline table shown below for programmes
utilising 12 or fewer fungicide sprays per
crop. |
Spray guideline
table:
Total
number of spray applications per crop |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
>12 |
Maximum
recommended
Solo QoI fungicide sprays |
1
|
1** |
2** |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
* |
Max.
recommended QoI fungicide sprays in mixture |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
6 |
* |
* When more than 12 fungicide applications are
made, observe the following guidelines:
** Mixtures are preferred.
|
When using a QoI fungicide as
a solo product, the number of applications
should be no more than 1/3 (33%) of the total
number of fungicide applications per season. |
|
For QoI mixes in programs in which tank mixes
or pre mixes of QoI with mixing partners of
a different mode of action are utilized, the
number of QoI containing applications should
be no more than ½ (50%) of the total
number of fungicide application per season. |
|
In programs in which applications of QoI
are made with both solo products and mixtures,
the number of QoI containing applications should
be no more than ½ (50%) of the total
number of fungicide applied per season. |
2.2.2.9 Guidelines
for using QoI fungicides on banana
Please refer to the recommendations of the banana
FRAC working group: >Link<
2.3. Communication plans
The above WebPages will serve as the main communication
vehicle for the group.
| 
Cereals
